Отрицатели науки. Как говорить с плоскоземельщиками, антиваксерами и конспирологами

Введение

McIntyre L. Post-Truth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.

Эта история прекрасно изложена в: Oreskes N. и др. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010.

Palmeri T. Trump Fumes over Inaugural Crowd Size // Politico. 2017. 22 января. URL: https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/donald-trump-protesters-inauguration-233986.

Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 degree C // IPCC. 2018. URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.

Mooney C. и др. The World Has Just over a Decade to Get Climate Change under Control // The Washington Post. 2018. 7 октября. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2018/10/08/world-has-only-years-get-climate-change-under-control-un-scientists-say/; Arctic Ice Could Be Gone by 2030 // Telegraph. 2010. 16 сентября. URL: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/8005620/Arctic-ice-could-be-gone-by-2030.html; Davenport C. Major Climate Report Describes a Strong Risk of Crisis as Early as 2040 // The New York Times. 2018. 7 октября. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/07/climate/ipcc-climate-report-2040.html; Fischetti M. Sea Level Could Rise 5 Feet in New York City by 2100 // Scientific American. 2013. 1 июня. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fischetti-sea-level-could-rise-five-feet-new-york-city-nyc-2100/; Morton M.C. With Nowhere to Hide from Rising Seas, Boston Prepares for a Wetter Future // Science News. 2019. 6 августа. URL: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/boston-adapting-rising-sea-level-coastal-flooding.

Sengupta S. U.N. Chief Warns of a Dangerous Tipping Point on Climate Change // The New York Times. 2018. 10 сентября. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/climate/united-nations-climate-change.html. Friedman L. ‘I Don’t Know That It’s Man-Made,’ Trump Says of Climate Change. It Is // The New York Times. 2018. 15 октября. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/climate/trump-climate-change-fact-check.html.

Keohane J. How Facts Backfire // Boston.com. 2010. 11 июля. URL: http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2010/07/11/how_facts_backfire/.

Beck J. This Article Won’t Change Your Mind // The Atlantic. 2019. 11 декабря. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/this-article-wont-change-your-mind/519093/; Kolbert E. Why Facts Don’t Change Our Mind // The New Yorker. 2017. 27 февраля. URL: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds.

Mantzarlis A. Fact-Checking Doesn’t ‘Backfire,’ New Study Suggests // Poynter. 2016. 2 ноября. URL: https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2016/fact-checking-doesnt-backfire-new-study-suggests/.

Schmid P. и др. Effective Strategies for Rebutting Science Denialism in Public Discussions // Nature Human Behaviour. 2019. № 3. С. 931–939. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0632-4.epdf.

Более подробно эксперимент Шмидта и Бетш будет разобран в главе 3. Пока вот несколько ссылок на статьи о нем в популярных медиа: Kwon D. How to Debate a Science Denier // Scientific American. 2019. 25 июня. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-debate-a-science-denier/; Owen L.H. Yes, It’s Worth Arguing with Science Deniers – and here Are Some Techniques You Can Use // Nieman Lab. 2019. 28 июня. URL: https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/06/yes-its-worth-arguing-with-science-deniers-and-here-are-some-techniques-you-can-use/; O’Grady C. Two Tactics Effectively Limit the Spread of Science Denialism // Ars Technica. 2019. 27 июня. URL: https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/debunking-science-denialism-does-work-but-not-perfectly/; Perry S. Science Deniers Can Be Effectively Rebutted, Study Finds // MinnPost. 2019. 26 июля. URL: https://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2019/07/science-deniers-can-be-effectively-rebutted-study-finds/.

Фактически они работают только со вторым компонентом. Подробнее см.: Van der Linden S. Countering Science Denial // Nature Human Behaviour. 2019. № 3. C. 889–890. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0631-5.

Shermer M. How to Convince Someone When Facts Fail // Scientific American. 2017. 1 января. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-convince-someone-when-facts-fail/.

Sun L.H. и др. ‘It Will Take Off Like Wildfire’: The Unique Dangers of the Washington State Measles Outbreak // The Washington Post. 2019. 6 февраля. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/it-will-take-off-like-a-wildfire-the-unique-dangers-of-the-washington-state-measles-outbreak/2019/02/06/cfd5088a-28fa-11e9-b011-d8500644dc98_story.html.

Branigin R. I Used to Be Opposed to Vaccines. This Is How I Changed My Mind // The Washington Post. 2019. 11 февраля. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opin ions/i-used-to-be-opposed-to-vaccines-this-is-how-i-changed-my-mind/2019/02/11/20fca654-2e24-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html.

Folley A. NASA Chief Says He Changed Mind about Climate Change because He ‘Read a Lot’ // The Hill. 2018. 6 июня. URL: https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/391050-nasa-chief-on-changing-view-of-climate-change-i-heard-a-lot-of.